9 Notes C- Constitutional Design

CBSE Class 9 Revision Notes Political Science Constitutional Design

Democratic Constitution in South Africa

Nelson Mandela, the South African leader of African National Congress, fought a long battle against Apartheid.

Imprisoned for 28 years (1964–1992) emerged as the First President of the Republic of South-Africa.

People struggled against the horrible discrimination practised against them by the white minority rulers.

Apartheid finally defeated in 1994 and a new constitution made in 1996.

Black leaders appealed fellow blacks to forgive white.

Remarkable constitution, forgot past sufferings, sought co-operation of all the races which make S. Africa based on equality, democratic values and social justice.

Do We Need a Constitution?

Every country drafts its own constitution.

A constitution of a nation is the set of written laws accepted by people living together in a country.

It generates trust and co-ordination.

It specifies how a government should be constituted.

It lays down limits on the powers of the government.

It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.

Making of the Indian Constitution

The process began during the national struggle for freedom.

First draft 1928, then 1931. Moti lal Nehru and 8 leaders demanded in the draft : universal adult franchise, social justice, right to freedom and liberty.

Participation in Provincial Legislatures helped Indians in framing their constitution.

Leaders inspired by French Revolution, British parliamentary system and the Bill of Rights of the US.

They also learnt what the British were denying Indian citizens.

The Constituent Assembly

Elections to the Constituent Assembly held in July 1946.

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar appointed chairman of the drafting committee.

Constitution adopted on 26 November 1949, and enacted on 26 January, 1950, when India became a republic.

The Constitution reflects the best minds of the country. Its members represented mini-India.

Every law was debated clause by clause and a consensus arrived at.

It is the longest written constitution.

Guiding Values of India Constitution

The leaders like M.Gahatma Gandhi, Dr. Ambedkar, and Jawahrlal Nehru put forward their views about dream and promise the constitution makes for the nation.

The preamble of the constitution speaks about the philosophy on which entire constitution has been built.It is the soul of Indian Constitution.

Following are the values mentioned in preamble.

Sovereignty, Socialism, Secularism, Democratic and republic nature of India, justice, liberty, equality and fraternity

10 - N- ECO 2 (SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY)

Class 10

SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES ECONOMICS

CHAPTER 2 (SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY)

Here is study notes for chapter 2 economics class 10. Sector of Indian economy class 10 notes are based on ncert book as prescribed by Cbse board. These notes are written in a very easy language. So it will be easy for Students to Understand. You can also find other Social Science Notes in this blog.

Table of Contents

Sectors of the Indian Economy Notes

1. Primary sector

2. Secondary sector

3. Tertiary Sector

Comparing the three Sectors

Rising Importance of the Tertiary Sector in Production

Underemployment

Creating More Employment

MGNREGA 2005

Division of Sectors as Organised and Unorganised

Organised Sector

Unorganised Sector

How to Protect Workers in the Unorganised Sector?

Sectors in terms of ownership: Public and Private Sectors

1. Public sector

2. Private sector

SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY NOTES

There are three sectors of indian economy.

Primary sector

Secondary sector

tertiary sector

Sectors of indian economy class 10 notes

Sectors of indian economy

1. PRIMARY SECTOR

When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector.

This is because it forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make.

Cotton and milk are examples of primary sector.

Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector is also called agriculture and related sector.

2. SECONDARY SECTOR

The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity.

It is the next step after primary.

For example, using cotton fibre from the plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth. Using sugarcane as a raw material, we make sugar orgur.

Since this sector gradually became associated with the different kinds of industries that came up, it is also called as industrial sector.

3. TERTIARY SECTOR

After primary and secondary, there is a third category of activities that falls under tertiary sector and is different from the above two.

These are activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they are an aid or a support for the production process.

For example, goods that are produced in the primary or secondary sector would need to be transported by trucks or trains and then sold in wholesale and retail shops.

Transport, storage, communication, banking, trade are some examples of tertiary activities. Since these activities generate services rather than goods, the tertiary sector is also called the service sector.

Service sector also includes some essential services that may not directly help in the production of goods. For example, we require teachers, doctors, and those who provide personal services such as washermen, barbers, cobblers, lawyers, and people to do administrative and accounting works.

COMPARING THE THREE SECTORS

The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year.

And the sum of production in the three sectors gives what is called the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country.

It is the value of all final goods and services produced within a countryduring a particular year. GDP shows how big the economy is.

In India, the mammoth task of measuring GDP is undertaken by a central government ministry. This Ministry, with the help of various government departments of all the Indian states and union territories, collects information relating to total volume of goods and services and their prices and then estimates the GDP.

RISING IMPORTANCE OF THE TERTIARY SECTOR IN PRODUCTION

In the year 2011-12, the tertiary sector has emerged as the largest producing sector in India replacing the primary sector.

Why is the tertiary sector becoming so important in India? There could be several reasons.

First, in any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, defence, transport, banks, insurance companies, etc. are required.

Second, the development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services such as transport, trade, storage etc.

Third, as income levels rise, certain sections of people start demanding many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc.

Fourth, over the past decade or so, certain new services such as those based on information and communication technology have become important and essential. The production of these services has been rising rapidly.

UNDEREMPLOYMENT

Underemployment is a hidden kind of unemployment. Each one is doing some work but no one is fully employed. This is the situation of underemployment, where people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential.

This kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does not have a job and is clearly visible as unemployed. Hence, it is also called disguised unemployment

This means that even if we remove a lot of people from agricultural sector and provide them with proper work elsewhere, agricultural production will not suffer.

Underemployment can be also seen in tertiary Sector . They may spend the whole day but earn very little. They are doing this work because they do not have better opportunities.

CREATING MORE EMPLOYMENT

Along with water, we also need to provide cheap agricultural credit to the farmers for farming to improve.

Identify, promote and locate industries and services in semi-rural areas where a large number of people may be employed

Opening a cold storage could give an opportunity for farmers to store their products like potatoes and onions and sell them when the price is good.

In villages near forest areas, we can start honey collection centres where farmers can come and sell wild honey.

It is also possible to set up industries that process vegetables and agricultural produce like potato, sweet potato, rice, wheat, tomato, fruits, which can be sold in outside markets.

This will provide employment in industries located in semi-rural areas and not necessarily in large urban centres.

Planning Commission (now known as NITI Aayog) estimates that nearly 20 lakh jobs can be created in the education sector alone.

Similarly, if we are to improve the health situation, we need many more doctors, nurses, health workers etc. to work in rural areas.

Study by the Planning Commission says that if tourism as a sector is improved, every year we can give additional employment to more than 35 lakh people.

These are some ways by which we can create more employment.

MGNREGA 2005

The central government in India made a law implementing the Right to Work in about 625 districts of India.

It is called Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA 2005). Under MGNREGA 2005, all those who are able to, and are in need of, work in rural areas are guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government.

If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowances to the people.

DIVISION OF SECTORS AS ORGANISED AND UNORGANISED

ORGANISED SECTOR

Organised sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people have assured work. They are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in various laws such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of Gratuity Act, Shops and Establishments Act etc.

It is called organised because it has some formal processes and procedures. Some of these people may not be employed by anyone but may work on their own but they too have to register themselves with the government and follow the rules and regulations.

Workers in the organised sector enjoy security of employment.

They are expected to work only a fixed number of hours.

If they work more, they have to be paid overtime by the employer. They also get several other benefits from the employers.

They get paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity etc.

They are supposed to get medical benefits and, under the laws, the factory manager has to ensure facilities like drinking water and a safe working environment.

When they retire, these workers get pensions as well.

UNORGANISED SECTOR

The unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government.

There are rules and regulations but these are not followed. Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular.

There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc.

Employment is not secure. People can be asked to leave without any reason. When there is less work, such as during some seasons, some people may be asked to leave. A lot also depends on the whims of the employer.

This sector includes a large number of people who are employed on their own doing small jobs such as selling on the street or doing repair work. Similarly, farmers work on their own and hire labourers as and when they require.

HOW TO PROTECT WORKERS IN THE UNORGANISED SECTOR?

In the rural areas, the unorganised sector mostly comprises of landless agricultural labourers, small and marginal farmers, sharecroppers and artisans (such as weavers, blacksmiths, carpenters and goldsmiths).

In the urban areas, unorganised sector comprises mainly of workers in small-scale industry, casual workers in construction, trade and transport etc., and those who work as street vendors, head load workers, garment makers, rag pickers etc.

10 – Eco-Q&A Sectors of the Indian Economy

Class 10 Social Science – Economics Sectors of the Indian Economy Important Question and answer

2016

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 1.

Who has the ownership of the assets in the public sector?

Answer:

The government of a country has the ownership of the assets in the public sector.

Question 2.

What does GDP stand for?

Answer:

GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product. It is the value of all the final goods and services that are produced in a country within a particular year.

Short Answer Type Question [3 Marks]

Question 3.

Name the sector that is the largest employer in India. Why does this sector produce only a quarter of the National GDP?

Answer:

The agricultural sector (Primary) is the largest employer in India. Nearly 51% of the population is engaged in this section in one way or the other. However, its share in the national GDP is very less because of the following reasons.

The average size of the land holdings is very low which results in low productivity per holder.

Less use of modern technology and knowhow among the farmers to increase crop productivity.

The systems of providing financing and marketing facilities have been insufficient since independence. The farmers are not able to get benefits fr6m the loan facilities and access to large markets.

Absence of alternate income generating activities in rural areas give rise to disguised unemployment where efficient labour force is not used to its optimum.

Long Answer Type Question [5 Marks]

Question 4.

How far is it correct to say that several services which cannot be provided by private sector can be provided by the public sector? Explain.

Answer:

A few examples of public sector activities are Indian Railways, water, electricity board and modes of transport.

There are several necessities of common man, but it is not possible for the private sector to provide all these things at reasonable cost. For example, water and electricity are the basic needs of everyone. If the work of providing these is given to private sector then the latter can exploit this opportunity by selling the same at high rates. Therefore the supply of basic amenities is given to the government so that it provides these facilities to the people at low and affordable rates, ensuring the smooth and uninterrupted supply to the public.

2015

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 5.

What constitutes the unorganized sector in urban areas? Why do workers in this area need protection?

Answer:

In the urban areas, unorganised sector comprises mainly small-scale industry, casual workers in construction, trade and transport, street vendors, head-load workers, garment makers, ragpickers, etc. All these workers constitute unorganized sector in urban areas.

A majority of workers in the unorganized sector are from scheduled castes scheduled tribes and backward communities. Workers in unorganised sector urban areas need protection because, besides getting the irregular and low- paid work, these workers also face social discrimination. They are looked down upon by the people in urban areas. Protection and support to the unorganised sector workers is thus necessary for both economic and social development.

Question 6.

How does service sector help in the development of primary and secondary sectors? Explain with examples.

Answer:

After primary and secondary sectors, there is a third sector called the service sector also known as tertiary sector. Activities that fall under the service sector help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors by not directly producing a good but helping these sectors by activities that are an aid or a support for the production process.

For example, goods that are produced in the primary or secondary sector would need to be transported by trucks or trains and then sold in wholesale and retail shops. At times, it may be necessary to store these goods in godowns. We may also need to talk to others over telephone or send letters (communication) or borrow money from banks (banking) to help production and trade. Transport, storage, communication, banking and trade are some examples of service or tertiary sector.

Since these activities generate services rather than goods, they promote primary and secondary sectors by providing expertise, fiance, transportation, advertisement, etc.

Question 7.

With the example of sugar cane, explain the interdependence of all the three sectors of economy.

Answer:

Primary Sector: cultivation of sugar cane

Secondary Sector: processing of sugar cane to make sugar Tertiary sector:

Transportation of sugar cane into factories for processing it into sugar

Transportation of sugar packs to various markets

Sale of sugar by wholesalers and retailers.

So, the process starts when the sugar is cultivated. Since cultivation is part of agriculture, it comes in the primary sector. After the cultivation, the sugar cane is processed to make sugar in the factories, which is an industrial process and thus comes in the secondary sector . After which, the sugar is transported to various markets, where it is sold by retaiters and wholesalers which is part of tertiary sector .

In this way , all the three sectors are interdepentdent.

Question 8.

Why does only final goods and services are included while calculating National Income?

Answer:

Only final goods and services are included while calculating National Income because:

(a) Final goods are those goods which have crossed the boundary line of production and are readyfor final consumption and investment.

(b) The value of final goods already includes the value of all the intermediate goods that are used inmaking the final goods. This would lead to the problem of double counting if all the goods of theeconomy will be included while calculating national income.

(c) This should be avoided because if the value of any commodity is counted more than once it willresult in overestimation of national income.

Question 9.

What is the meaning of under employment? In which economic sector is under employmentconditions more prevalent? Why?

Answer:

A condition in which each individual appears working but no one is fully employed. This is thesituation of under employment. People under such type of employment cannot utilize their potential and capacity in full. It is in primary sector because-

(i) This sector comprises the poorest section of society in majority

(ii) People engaged in this sector are illiterate or semi-literate.

.Question 10.

What is meant by secondary sector? Explain it by giving examples.

Answer:

1. Secondary sector covers the activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through the ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity.

2. The product is produced by a process of manufacturing in a factory, a workshop or at home.

3. For example, using cotton fiber from the plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth. This sector also called an industrial sector.

Question 11.

What do you understand by the term under employment?

Answer:

1. More than half of the workers in country are working in agriculture, producing only a quarter of the GDP.

2. In other words, workers in agricultural sector are underemployed. Each one is doing some work but no one is fully employed.

3. This kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does not have a job and is clearly visible as unemployed. It is called disguised unemployment also.

Question 12.

What is the criterion to classify an economic activity as secondary sector activity? Explain.

Answer:

1. The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity.

2. The product is not produced by nature but has to be made by some process of manufacturing.

3. This could be in a factory, a workshop or at home. For example, using sugar canes as raw material we make sugar.

Question 13.

What is the criterion to classify an economic activity as tertiary sector activity? Explain..

Answer:

u1. The tertiary activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors.

2. These activities do not produce anything but they provide an aid or support for the process of production.

3. Transport and communication are the examples of tertiary sectors.

Question 14.

Describe the role of the state in providing basic services in developing countries.

Ans. 1. There are a large number of activities which are the primary responsibilities of the government.

2. They include providing health, education facilities, like, quality education particularly elementary education.

3. Government also pays attention to various aspects of human development such as safe drinking water, housing facilities, food and nutrition for the poor people.

4. Government also provides basic services like hospital facilities, transport and communication services at affordable prices

X (Civics) 2 *Federalism*

CLASS X Political Science (Civics)

Chapter 2 *Federalism*

1. In the previous chapter, we noted that vertical division of power among different levels of government is one of the major forms of power sharing.

2. In this chapter, we focus on this form of power sharing. It is most commonly referred to as federalism.

3. We begin by describing federalism in general terms. The rest of the chapter tries to understand the theory and practice of federalism in India.

4. Towards the end of the chapter, we turn to the local government, a new and the third tier of Indian federalism.

What is federalism?

1. Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.

2. Federalism has two levels of government:

a. One is the government for the entire country that is usually responsible for a new subject of common national interest.

b. The others are governments at the level of provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day administering of their state.

3. Federations are contrasted with unitary governments.

4. Under the unitary system, either there is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to the central.

5. In a federal system, the central government cannot order the state government to do something.

Let us look at some of the key features of federalism:

(i) There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.

(ii) Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own JURISDICTION in a specific matter of legislation, taxation and administration.

(iii) The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the Constitution.

(iv) The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government.

(v) Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution and the powers of different levels of government.

(vi) Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.

(vii) The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote the unity of the country, while at the same time accommodate regional diversities.

(viii) There are two kinds of routes through which federations have been formed.

a) The first route involves independent States coming together on their own to form a bigger unit so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity they can increase their security. This is ‘coming together’ federations.

b) The second route is where a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent States and the national government. This is ‘holding together’ federations.

What makes India a federal country?

1. The constitution declared India as the Union of States.

2. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government or what we call the Central Government, representing the Union of India and the State government.

3. Later the third tier of federalism was added in the form of Panchayats and municipalities.

4. The Constitution contains three lists:

I) Union Lists includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency.

II) State Lists contains subjects of States and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation.

III) The Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Governments, such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession.

How is federalism practiced?

1. Constitutional provisions are necessary for the success of federalism but these are not sufficient.

2. The real success of federalism in India can be attributed to the nature of democracy politics in our country.

Linguistic States:

1. The creation of linguistic states was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country.

2. Many old States have vanished and many new States been created.

3. In 1947, the boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order to create new States.

4. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same States.

5. When the demand for the formation of States on the basis of language was raised, some national leaders feared that it would lead to the disintegration of the country.

Language Policy:

1. The second test for Indian Federation is the language policy.

2. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language.

3. Hindi was identified as the official language.

4. According to the Constitution, the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965.

5. The central government responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along with Hindi for official purposes.

6. Promotion does not mean that the Central Government can impose Hindi on states where people speak a different language.

Centre-state relation:

1. Restructuring the center-state relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice.

2. In 1990 there was the rise of regional political parties in many States of the country.

3. This was also the beginning of the era of COALITION GOVERNMENT at the Centre.

4. Since no single party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the major national parties had led to enter into an alliance with many parties.

5. This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of State Government.

6. Thus, federal power sharing is more effective today than it was in the early years after the Constitution came into force.

**Decentralization in India:**

(Please read this carefully it is an important topic)

1. We noted above that the federal government has two or more tiers of government.

2. But a vast country like India cannot be run only through these two tiers.

3. Federal power sharing in India needs another tier of government

4. This resulted in a third-tier if the government called local government.

5. When power is taken away from Central and State governments, it is called decentralisation.

6. At the local level, it is possible for the people to directly participate in decision making.

7. A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992.

8. The rural local government is popularly known by the name panchayati raj.

9. This is a council consisting of several ward members, often called panch, and a president or sarpanch.

10. They are directly elected by all the adult population living in that ward or village.

11. It is the decision-making body for the entire village.

12. All the panchayat Samiti or mandals in a district together constitute the Zilla Parishad.

13. Local government bodies exist for urban areas as well.

14. Big cities are constituted into municipal corporations.

15. This new system of local government is the largest experiment in democracy conducted anywhere in the world