9 Geo 2 Physical features of India

Chapter 2 Physical features of India

Question-1 What are Tectonic Plates?

Solution:The crust (upper part) of the earth has been formed out of seven major and some minor plates. These are called tectonic plates.

A Tectonic plate (also called lithospheric plate) is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. Plate size can vary greatly, from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers across; the Pacific and Antarctic Plates are among the largest. Plate thickness also varies greatly, ranging from less than 15 km for young oceanic lithosphere to about 200 km or more for ancient continental lithosphere.

Question-2 Which continents of today were part of the Gondwana land?

Solution: The oldest landmass, (the Peninsula part), was a part of the Gondwana land. The Gondwana land included India, Australia, South Africa and South America as one single land mass.

Question-3 What is the bhabar?

Solution: The rivers, after descending from the mountains deposit pebbles in a narrow belt of about 8 to 16 km in width lying parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks. It is known as bhabar.

Question-4 Distinguish Between Converging and Diverging Tectonic Plates

Solution:Converging Tectonic Plates

Some plates come towards each other and form convergent boundary.

Diverging Tectonic Plates

Some plates move away from each other and form divergent boundary.

Question-5 Distinguish Between Bhangar and Khadar

Solution:Bhangar:

he largest part of the northern plain is formed of older alluvium They lie above the flood plains of the rivers and present a terrace like feature. This part is known as bhangar.

Khadar:

The soil in this region contains calcareous deposites locally known as kankar. The newer, younger deposits of the flood plains are called khadar. They are renewed almost every year and so are fertile, thus, ideal for intensive agriculture.

Question-6 Distinguish Between Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats

Solution:Western Ghats:

The Western Ghats are higher than the Eastern Ghats. Their average elevation is 900– 1600 metres as against 600 metres of the Eastern Ghats. The Western Ghats cause orographic rain by facing the rain bearing moist winds to rise along the western slopes of the Ghats. The Western Ghats are known by different local names. The height of the Western Ghats progressively increases from north to south. The highest peaks include the Anai Mudi (2,695metres) and the Doda Betta (2,637 metres).

Eastern Ghats:

The Eastern Ghats stretch from the Mahanadi Valley to the Nigiris in the south. The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and irregular and dissected by rivers draining into the Bay of Bengal. Mahendragiri (1,501 metres) is the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats. Shevroy Hills and the Javadi Hills are located to the southeast of the Eastern Ghats.

Question-7Describe how the Himalayas were formed.

Solution: The Himalayas and the Northern Plains are the most recent landforms. From the viewpoint of geology, Himalayan Mountains form an unstable zone. The whole mountain system of Himalaya represents a very youthful topography with high peaks, deep valleys and fast flowing rivers. The northern plains are formed of alluvial deposits. The peninsular plateau is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks with gently rising hills and wide valleys.

Question-8 Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the Peninsular plateau.

Solution: The physical features of India can be grouped under the following physiographic divisions:

(i) The Himalayan Mountains

(ii) The Northern Plains

(iii) The Peninsular Plateau

(iv) The Indian Desert

(v) The Coastal Plains

(vi) The Islands

The Himalaya consists of three parallel ranges in its longitudinal extent. A number of valleys lie between these ranges. The northern most range is known as the Great or Inner Himalayas or the ‘Himadri’. It is the most continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6,000 metres. It contains all the prominent Himalayan peaks.

The Deccan Plateau is a triangular landmass that lies to the south of the river Narmada. The Satpura range flanks its broad base in the north while the Mahadev, the Kaimur hills and the Maikal range form its eastern extensions. Locate these hills and ranges in the physical map of India. The Deccan Plateau is higher in the west and slopes gently eastwards. An extension of the Plateau is also visible in the northeast– locally known as the Meghalaya and Karbi-Anglong Plateau. It is separated by a fault from the Chotanagpur Plateau. Three Prominent hill ranges from the west to east are the Garo, the Khasi and the Jaintia Hills.

Question-9 Give an account of the Northern Plains of India.

Solution: The northern plain has been formed by the interplay of the three major river systems, namely– the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra along with their tributaries. This plain is formed of alluvial soil. The deposition of alluvium in a vast basin lying at the foothills of the Himalaya over millions of years, formed this fertile plain. It spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq. km. The plain being about 2400 Km long and 240 to 320 Km broad is a densely populated physiographic division. With a rich soil cover combined with adequate water supply and favourable climate it is agriculturally a very productive part of India. The rivers in their lower course split into numerous channels due to the deposition of silt. These channels are known as distributaries. The Northern Plain is broadly divided into three sections. The Western part of the Northern Plain is referred to as the Punjab Plains. Formed by the Indus and its tributaries, the larger part of this plain lies in Pakistan. The Indus and its tributaries–the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj originate in the Himalaya. This section of the plain is dominated by the doabs.

Question-10 Write short notes on the following.(i) The Indian Desert, (ii) The Central Highlands

(iii) The Island Groups of India

Solution: i) The Indian Desert

The Indian desest lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills. It is an undulating sandy plain covered with sand dunes. This region receives very low rainfall below 150 mm per year. It has arid climate with low vegetatin cover. Streams appear during the rainy season. Soon after they disappear into the sand as they do not have enough water to reach the sea. Luni is the only large river in this region. Barchans (crescent shaped dunes) cover larger areas but longitudinal dunes become more promiment near the Indo-Pakistan boundary.

(ii) The Central Highlands

The Peninsular plateau consists of two broad divisions, namely, the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau. The part of the Peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada river covering a major area of the Malwa plateau is known as the Central Highlands. The Vindhyan range is bounded by the Central Highlands on the south and the Aravalis on the northwest. The further westward extension gradually merges with the sandy and rocky desert of Rajasthan.

The flow of the rivers draining this region, namely the Chambal, the Sind, the Betwa and Ken is from southwest to northeast, thus indicating the slope. The Central Highlands are wider in the west but narrower in the east. The eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand. The Chotanagpur plateau marks the further eastward extension, drained by the Damodar river.

(iii) The Island Groups of India

This group of islands is composed of small coral islands. Earlier they were known as Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive. In 1973 these were named as Lakshadweep. It covers small area of 32 sq km. Kavaratti island is the administrative headquarters of Lakshadweep.

This island group has great diversity of flora and fauna. The Pitli Island, which is uninhabited, has a bird sanctuary. An elongated chain of islands located in the Bay of Bengal extending from north to south. These are Andaman and Nicobar islands. They are bigger in size and are more numerous and scattered. The entire group of islands is divided into two broad categories – The Andaman in the north and the Nicobar in the south. It is believed that these islands are an elevated portion of submarine mountains. These island groups are of great starategic importance for the country. There is great diversity of flora and fauna in this group of islands too. These islands lie close to the equator and experience equatorial climate and has thick forest cover.

X-H NCERT- Nationalism in India

NCERT solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Nationalism in India

Write in brief

Question 1. Explain:
(a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement?
(b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India?
(c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
(d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Answer: (a) Nationalism is a feeling that combines all the people of the nation into a single unit. It is a powerful sentiment that binds people together in a common bond beyond their communal, lingual, caste or religious differences. In all the colonies of the world, the imperialist power exploited the people socially, religiously, economically and politically.

• Colonization affected people’s freedom, and nationalist sentiments surged during the process of struggle against imperial domination.
• The sense of oppression and exploitation became a common bond for people from different walks of life, and this resulted in the growth of nationalist ideals.
• Although each class or group of people felt that they were being oppressed under colonialism, the effects of colonialism were felt differently.
• People started uniting against the colonialism which strengthened the sense of nationalism further.

Thus, the growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to anti-colonial movements.
(b)During the First World War, the British army conducted forced recruitment from rural areas in India.

• To finance the defence expenditure, high customs duties and income taxes were imposed.
• Also, during 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, thereby resulting in acute food shortages. Accompanied by epidemics it accounted for 12 to 13 million deaths. All this caused extensive anger and opposition against the British colonial rule.
• People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But this did not happen.
• The war had given rise to many social and economic problems. The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 could not satisfy the aspirations of the Indians. There arose a general discontent among the Indian masses against the British rule.

(c)The Indians helped the British Government during World War I. They were hopeful that after the war, the government would give them many rights.

• However, the government did not do anything and therefore, there was an immense discontent among the people.
• To cope with the situation, they passed the Rowlatt Act 1919. Imperial Legislative council passed the Rowlatt Act against the opposition of Indians.
• It gave the government autocratic powers to repress political activities besides allowing it to detain political prisoners without a trial, for two years.
• The Indians were outraged by this act as it was clearly undemocratic and oppressive and hurt national sentiments and dignity.
• Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops and shops were closed down.

(d)Gandhiji had declared that the non-cooperation movement will be a non-violent one.

• He decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement due to various incidents of violence perpetrated by the masses, especially the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922 where the people clashed with the police, setting a police-station on fire.
• Although he had stopped the national revolt single-handedly, on 10 March 1922, Gandhi was arrested. On 18 March 1922, he was imprisoned for six years for publishing seditious materials. This led to the suppression of the movement and was followed by the arrest of other leaders.
• Gandhiji felt that the people were not yet ready for a mass struggle and that satyagrahis needed to be properly trained for non-violent demonstrations.

Question 2. What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?

Answer:

• Satyagraha was a novel method of mass agitation in a non-violent way.
• The idea of Satyagraha emphasized upon the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true and if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
• Through non-violent methods, a Satyagraha could appeal the conscience of the oppressor by the power of truth.
• People -including the oppressors -had to be persuaded to see the truth through the use of non-violence.
• Gandhiji firmly believed that the truth was bound to ultimately triumph.

Question 3. Write a newspaper report on:
(a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
(b) The Simon Commission

Answer: (a)

• On 13th April 1919, a large crowd had gathered in the enclosed ground of JallianwalaBagh – some to protest against the British government’s repressive measures, others to attend the annual Baishakhi Fair.
• These people were unaware of the imposition of Marshal Law in the city. General Dyer, the Commander, blocked the exit points from the Bagh and opened fire upon the innocent citizens.
• Dyer went with Sikh, Gurkha, Baluchi, Rajput troops from 2-9th Gurkhas, the 54th Sikhs and the 59th Sind Rifles they entered the garden, blocking the main entrance after them, took up position on a raised bank and on Dyer’s orders fired on the crowd for about ten minutes, directing their bullets largely towards the few open gates through which people were trying to flee, until the ammunition supply was almost exhausted.
• Dyer’s intention was to produce a ‘moral effect’ and terrorize satyagrahis. Hundreds of innocent people including women and children were killed and wounded due to this indiscriminate firing by the British soldiers,
• This incident angered masses of India ultimately led to nation-wide outrage. Jallianwala Bagh incident was the most brutal incident in the History of India.

(b)The Simon Commission was constituted by the Tory Government in Britain, under Sir John Simon. The objective of the Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest some constitutional changes.

• But nationalists in India opposed the Commission because it had not a single Indian member. Therefore, when the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan “Go Back Simon”.
• The Commission was strongly opposed by many in India and met with protests in every major Indian city it visited
• All parties, including Congress and the Muslim league, participated in the demonstrations. Thus it brought a sense of unity in Indians for the moment.
• The Simon commission recommendations formed the basis of the Act of 1935.

Question 4. Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germanian Chapter 1.

Answer:

• The image of Germania was the symbol of German nation whereas; the image of Bharat Mata was the symbol of the Indian nation.
• Both images inspired nationalists who worked very hard to unify their respective countries and to attain a liberal nation.
• The image of Bharat Mata is different from that of Germania in the sense that the former reflects the religious basis of its making. The image of Bharat Mata painted by Abanindranath Tagore is bestowed with learning, food, clothing, and some ascetic quality also whereas the image of Germania was painted by Philip Veit in the year 1848.
• Another painting of Bharat Mata in which we find Mata holding Trishul and standing beside a lion and an elephant – symbols of power and authority. This image appears to be more akin to the image of Germania where she holds a sword and a shield.
• These images popularized the idea of sacrifice and devotion to the mother nation.

Discuss 

Question 1. List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.

Answer: The different social groups that joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 were the urban middle class comprising lawyers, teachers, and headmasters, students, peasants, tribals and workers.

• The middle class joined the movement because the boycott of foreign goods would make the sale of their textiles and handlooms go up.
• The peasants took part in the movement because they hoped they would be saved from the oppressive landlords, high taxes taken by the colonial government abolition of begar and variety of other cesses.
• The tribals employed guerrilla tactics to fight the British in some parts of India, the Gudem rebels attacked police stations & attempted to kill British officials. Means they were inspired by the Gandhiji but were not keen to follow nonviolent ways of struggle
• Plantation workers took part in the agitation hoping they would get the right to move freely in and outside the plantations, maintain a link with the village they had come from and get land in their own villages.

Question 2. Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.

Answer:

• Gandhiji thought the salt was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism because it was done in revolt against a commodity- salt, used by the rich and the poor alike. An item of daily use could resonate more with all classes of citizens than an abstract demand for greater political rights.
• The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production was a severely oppressive administrative move.
• By breaking the salt law India showed their intention of non-cooperation and to break the oppressive colonial laws.
• The Salt March was effective also because Gandhiji met a large number of commoners during the march and he taught them the true meaning of swaraj and non-violence. By peacefully defying law and making salt against government orders,
• Gandhiji set forth an example to the whole nation of how the oppressor could be confronted in a non-violent manner. This also led to the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.

Question 3. Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.

Answer: I was very happy to participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement because I understood that I have to serve the nation in whatever capacity I could. I had heard Gandhiji speaking and asking us to participate in this movement I feel service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. Inspired by him, I also offered Satyagraha. Picketed liquor shops and shops selling foreign cloth and also courted arrest. I felt empowered by these activities and felt that women also can help the men in the ultimate goal of achieving independence from the British. I felt very proud to be the part of the movement but also I felt that the participation of women was taken by many Indians as symbolic.

Question 4. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?

Answer:

• Political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates because of differences in opinion.
• While those supporting the cause of minorities and the Dalits believed that only political empowerment would resolve their social backwardness, Dalit leaders like Dr. Ambedkar demanded a separate electorate.
• others like Gandhiji thought that separate electorates would further slow down the process of their integration into society. Also, it was feared that the system of separate electorates would gradually divide the country into numerous fragments because every community or class would then ask for separate representations.
• Even Muslim leaders favoured the separate electorates as they feared their identity and culture would be in danger due to the domination of majority. They feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of Hindu majority.

X-MCQ NATIONALISM IN INDIA

M .C.Q. NATIONALISM IN INDIA

Q.1- What was the cause for business classes to participate in Civil Disobedience Movement?
a. Protection against import of foreign goods
b. To buy foreign goods without any restrictions
c. To sell Indian goods without any restrictions
d. To exports goods

Q.2- Which one of the following leaders headed Oudh Kisan Sabha?
a. Jawahar Lal Nehru
b. Mahatma Gandhi
c. Subhash Chandra Bose
d. Motilal Nehru

Q.3- What was the main reason behind the start of the Non- cooperation movements?
a. To fulfill the demand for Swaraj.
b. To oppose the arrival of Prince of Wales.
c. To surrender the titles vested by British.
d. To boycott the civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils.

Q.4- When did Gandhiji travelled to Champaran in Bihar?
a. 1916
b. 1920
c.1925
d.1918

Q.5- Why did General Dyer open fire at Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April 1919?
a. He wanted to enforce martial law very strictly in Amritsar.
b. He wanted to create feeling of terror and awe in the minds of Satyagrahis.
c. He wanted to demoralise the local Congress leaders.
d. He wanted to gain prominence in the eyes of British government.

Q.6- What was the reason behind clash between Gandhi Ji and Dr Ambedkar?
a. Separate electorates would create division in the society.
b. Separate electorates would slow down the progress of integration into society.
c. With separate electorates, Dalit’s would gain respect in society.
d. The condition of Dalit’s would become better.

Q.7- Who led the Civil Disobedience in Peshawar?
a. Abdul Gaffar Khan
b. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
c. Lala Lajpat Rai
d. Jawaharlal Nehru

Q.8- Who was the author of the famous novel ‘Anandamath’?
a. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
b. Abanindranath Tagore
c. Natesa Sastri
d. Rabindranath Tagore

Q.9- Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in which year?
a. 1920
b. 1913
c. 1910
d. 1915

Q.10- The Non-Cooperation Movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi in support of which movement?
a. Khilafat
b. Swaraj
c. Khilafat and Swaraj
d. none of these


Q.11. What did the Rowlatt Act, 1919 presume?
(a) Detention of political prisoners without trial
(b) Forced recruitment in the army
(c) Forced manual labour
(d) Equal pay for equal work

Q.12. What did Mahatma Gandhi in his book, Hind Swaraj, declare?
(a) British ruled India because the latter was militarily weak
(b) British ruled India because Indians cooperated with them
(c) British ruled India because they got international support
(d) None of these

Q.13. What did the term ‘picket’ refer to?
(a) Stealing from shops
(b) Import of goods
(c) Protest by blocking shop entrances
(d) Boycott of clothes and goods

Q.14. Who led the peasants in Awadh?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Baba Ramchandra
(d) None of these

Q.15. What did the term ‘begar’ mean?
(a) Payment of wages
(b) High rents demanded by landlords
(c) Labour without payment
(d) None of these

Q16. What was the effect of the Non-cooperation movement on the plantation workers in Assam?
(a) They left the plantations and headed home
(b) They went on strike
(c) They destroyed the plantations
(d) None of these

Q.17. What was the main problem with the Simon Commission?
(a) It was an all British commission
(b) It was formed in Britain
(c) It was set up in response to the nationalist movement
(d) All of the above

Q.18. Where was Gandhi’s ashram located?
(a) Dandi
(b) Sabarmati
(c) Allahabad
(d) Nagpur

Q.19. What led to the Civil Disobedience Movement?
(a) Arrival of the Simon Commission
(b) Working at the firm without payments
(c) Violation of Salt Tax by Gandhi
(d) Fall in demand for agricultural goods

Q.20. Who were the’Sanatanis’?
(a) Saints
(b) Dalits
(c) High-caste Hindus
(d) None of these

Q.21. Who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Subhash Chandra Bose
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) B.R. Ambedkar

Q.22. What moved Abanindranath Tagore to paint the famous image of Bharat Mata?
(a) Civil Disobedience Movement
(b) Swadeshi Movement
(c) Quit India Movement
(d) All of these

Q.23. Who wrote the ‘Vande Matram’?
(a) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
(b) Rabindranath Tagore
(c) Abanindranath Tagore
(d) Sardar Vallabhai Patel

Q.24. Who was Sir Mohammad Iqbal?
(a) Congress President
(b) President of the Muslim League, 1930
(c) Gandhiji’s devout disciple
(d) None of these

Answers for Multiple Choice Questions
1.(c)2. (a)3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)6. (c)7. (a)8.(a)9. (d)10. (c) 11. (a)12. (b)13. (c)14.(c) 15.(c)16.(a)17.(a)18.(b)19.(c)20.(c)21.(d)22.(b)23.(a)24.(d).

Nationalism in India Class 10 MCQs

1Q. By whom was the Swaraj Party formed?
a) Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das
b) Subhas Chandra Bose and Sardar Patel
c) Jawaharlal Nehru and Rajendra Prasad
d) Motilal Nehru and Rajendra Prasad

2Q. By whom was the first image of Bharatmata painted?
a) Rabindranath Tagore
b) Abanindranath Tagore
c) Ravi Verma
d) Nandalal Bose

3Q. Why did the Indians oppose the Rowlatt Act?
a) It introduced the Salt Law.
b) It increased taxes on land
c) It gave the British the power to arrest and detain a person without a trial
d) It put a ban on the Congress party.

4Q. By what name were the dalits referred by Gandhiji?
a) Untouchables
b) Shudras
c) Harijans
d) Achchuts

5Q. Why did Gandhiji organise a Satyagraha in Ahmedabad Mill in 1918?
a) To protest against the poor working condition in the factory.
b) To demand for a higher wages for workers.
c) To protest against high revenue demand.
d) None of the above.

6Q. Why was the Round Table Conference held in England?
a) To discuss the provisions of future Indian Constitution.
b) To discuss the steps to be taken to check Indian National Movement
c) To give concessions to Indians
d) To make plans for improvement of agriculture in India.

7Q. What does the term Khalifa refer?
a) Sultan of a Muslim country
b) Spiritual leader of the Muslim
c) Nawab of a Muslim state
d) Badshah of Mughal period

8Q. What kind of movement was launched by the tribal peasants of Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh?
a) Satyagraha Movement
b) Militant Guerrilla Movement
c) Non-Violent Movement
d) None of the above.

9Q. Hind Swaraj' was written by?
a) Abul Kalam Azad
b) Mahatma Gandhi
c) Sardar Patel
d)Subhas Chandra Bose

10Q. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 the peasants were not permitted to
a) Leave their village
b) Settle in the city
c) Leave their plantation without permission
d) Allow the women to leave farmlands without permission

11Q. Which among the following was the prime factor in the emergence of modern nationalism in India?
a) New symbols
b) New ideas
c) Icons
d) Anti-colonial movement

12Q. In which year did Gandhiji return to India from South Africa?
a) Jan. 1915
b) Feb. 1916
c) Jan. 1916
d) Feb. 1915

13Q. Satyagraha was
a) pure soul force
b) weapon of the week
c) physical force
d) force of arms

14Q. Champaran Satyagraha (1916) was launched by Gandhiji against
a) high revenue demand
b) indigo planters
c) mill owners
d) salt tax

15Q. Which among the following was the reason for Indian opposition to the Rowlatt Act (1919)?
a) It was passed hurriedly
b) It gave the govt. enormous powers
c) Local leaders were picked up
d) It authorised the government to imprison people without trial

16Q. In which city Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy took place?
a) Amritsar
b) Lahore
c) Agra
d) Meerut

17Q. Whcih of the following formed the Khilafat Commitee in Bombay?
a) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
b) Ali Brothers
c) Abdul Ghaffar Khan
d) Surendra Nath Banerjee

18Q. What did Mahatma Gandhi in his book, Hind Swaraj, declare?
(a) British ruled India because the latter was militarily weak
(b) British ruled India because Indians cooperated with them
(c) British ruled India because they got international support
(d) None of these




CHECK YOUR ANSWERS of NATIONALISM IN INDIA CLASS 10 MCQs:
1.(a) 2.(b) 3.(c) 4.(c) 5.(b) 6.(a) 7.(b) 8.(b) 9.(b) 10.(c) 11.(d) 12.(a) 13.(a) 14.(b) 15.(d)
16.(a) 17.(b) 18.(b)

Economics Class 9 Ncert Solutions Chapter 1 The story of village Palampur

Economics Class 9 Ncert Solutions Chapter 1 The story of village Palampur

Question-1

Modern farming methods require more inputs, which are manufactured in industry. Do you agree?

Solution:

No doubt, modern farming requires more inputs than traditional farming.

These are: chemical fertilizers , pesticides , pump sets , farm machinery , electricity , diese , HYV seeds and water supply.

Most of these input like fertilizers, tools, and implements are manufactured in industry. HYV seeds are developed in agriculture research laboratories. Machine industry provides various kinds of implements, irrigation pumps and farming machinery to improve productivity and minimize farming efforts. Chemical and soil engineering based industry provide fertilizers and pesticides to boost agriculture. Water supply is done by canals and tanks. Electricity is supplied by powerhouses.

Question-2

How did the spread of electricity help farmers in Palampur?

Solution:

Electricity came early to Palampur. Its major impact was to transform the system of irrigation. In Palampur, electricity powers all the tube wells in the fields and is used in various types of small business. People saw that the electric-run tubewells could irrigate much more than the ordinary ones.

Question-3

Is it important to increase the area under irrigation? Why?

Solution:

Yes, it is important to increase the area under irrigation because if a country has to increase its production it has to increase the irrigational area.

Question-4

Why are the wages for farm labourers in Palampur less than minimum wages?

Solution:

A waged labourer might be employed on a daily basis, or for one particular farm activity like harvesting, or for the whole year. Most small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for the capital. They borrow from large farmers or the village moneylenders or the traders who supply various inputs for cultivation. The rate of interest on such loans is very high. They are put to great distress to repay the loan. Hence they pay very low wages to the farm labourers.

Question-5

What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Use examples to Explain.

Solution:

To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping. It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land. All farmers in Palampur grow at least two main crops; many are growing potato as the third crop in the past fifteen to twenty years.

Question-6

How do the medium and large farmers obtain capital for farming? How is it different from the small farmers?

Solution:

In contrast to the small farmers, the medium and large farmers have their own savings from farming. They are thus able to arrange for the capital needed.

Question-7

On what terms did Savita get a loan from Tajpal Singh? Would Savita’s condition be different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate of interest?

Solution:

Savita was a small farmer. She planed to cultivate wheat on her 1-hectare land. Besides seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, she needed cash to buy water and repair her farm instruments. She estimated that his working capital itself would cost a minimum of Rs 3,000. She did n’t have the money, so she decided to borrow from Tejpal Singh, a large farmer. Tejpal Singh agreed to give Savita the loan at an interest rate of 24 per cent for four months, which was a very high interest rate. Savita also had to promise to work on his field as a farm labourer during the harvest season at Rs 35 per day. Savita knew that this wage is quite low and she will have to work very hard to complete harvesting on her own field, and then work as a farm labourer for Tejpal Singh. Savita agreed to those tough conditions, as she knew, that getting a loan is difficult for a small farmer.

Yes, Savita’s condition would have been different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate of interest.

Question-8

What can be done so that more non-farm production activities can be started in villages?

Solution:

The villagers must be made aware of the non-farm production activities and their benefits. They must also be taught the methods of doing such activities. The villagers who have the impression that they can earn only by farming, must be given proper guidance and help to do such activities.

Dairy is also a non-farm work , In villages setting up Dairy services can be started for welfare of villagers. in villages we can set up small scale industries for promotion of local handicrafts like basket weaving , pottery etc.

CLASS - IX CBSE History Chapter 1 -The French Revolution

CLASS - IX CBSE History Chapter 1 -The French Revolution

SHORT QUESTION AND ANSWER

1.In how many estates was the French society divided in the eighteenth country?

Ans. Three estates namely

(a) Clergy,(b) Nobility,c) Small businessmen, peasants, landler labour and artisans.

2. Name any two classes of people who belonged to the third estate in France.

Ans. Small businessmen and peasants.

3. ‘ln which dynasty was Louis XVI related?

Ans. Louis XVI was related to Bourbon dynasty.

4. Name the tax which was charged by the church from the peasants?

Ans. The tax which was charged by the church from the peasants was Tithe.

5. What were Tithes and Taille?

Ans. Tithe: It was a tax collected by the church from the French peasants.

Taille : Tax to be paid directly to the State.

6. Who refuted the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the Monarch?

Ans. John Locke refuted the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the Monarch.

7. To whom were the taxes called ‘tithes’ payable by the peasants in the eighteenth centuryFrance? Ans. The tithe was a tax levied by the church on the peasants, comprising one-tenth of the agricultural produce.

8. Who wrote the book ‘Two Treatises of Government’?

Ans. John Locke wrote the book ‘Two Treatises of Government’.

9. Who enjoyed certain privileges by birth in the French society during the late eighteenth? Century?

Ans. The members of the first two estates that were clergy and the nobility enjoyed certain privileges by birth.

10. Name the tax which was paid directly to the State in France

Ans. ‘Taille’ is the name of the direct tax paid to the State.

11. Who wrote ‘The Spirit of the Laws’?

Ans. Montesquieu is the writer of ‘The Spirit of the Laws’.

12. The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of which social groups in France.

Ans. Middle-class groups.

13. Which book has proposed a division of power within the government?

Ans. The Spirit of the Laws.

14. Why was the Bastille hated by all?

Ans. Because the Bastille stood for the despotic power of the king.

15. What form of government was in practice in France in 1789?

Ans. Monarchy

16. When did the French Revolution break?

Ans. In the morning on 14th July 1789.

17. Who stormed the Bastille, the fortress prison during the last years of the 18th century?

Ans. On the morning of 14 July 1789, the people of Paris stormed the fortress prison, the Bastille’.

18. When was the fortress prison, the Bastille demolished by the people?

Ans. On 14th July 1789

LONG QUESTION ANSWERS:-
Question 1.Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France?

Answer:The following circumstances led to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France:

1.Louis XVI was an autocratic ruler who could not compromise with his luxurious life. He also lacked farsightedness.

2.When he ascended the throne the royal treasury was empty. Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France.
3.Added to this was the cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles.

4.Under Louis XVI France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from Britain the war added more than a billion livres to a dept credit, now began to charge 10% interest on loans. So the French government was obliged to spend an increasing percentage of its budget on interest payments alone.

5.The state finally increased taxes to meet its regular expenses such as the cost of maintaining an army, running government offices and universities.

6.The French society was divided into three estates but only members of the first two estates i.e,, the clergy and the nobles were exempted to pay taxes. They belonged to privileged class. Thus the burden of financing activities of the state through taxes was borne by the third estate only.

7.The middle class that emerged in the 18th century France was educated and enlightened. They refuted the theory of divine rights of the kings and absolute monarchy. They believed that a person’s social position must depend on his merit. They had access to the various ideas of equality and freedom proposed by the philosophers like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu etc. Their ideas got popularised among the common mass as a result of intensive discussions and debates in saloons and coffee houses and through books and newspapers.

8.The French administration was extremely corrupt. It did not give weightage to the French Common man.

The state finally increased taxes to meet its regular expenses such as the cost of maintaining an army, running government offices and universities.

Question 2.Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution?

Answer:The wealthy class of the third estate which came to be known as the new middle class of France benefited the most from the revolution. This group comprised of big businessmen, petty officers, lawyers, teachers, doctors and traders. Previously, these people had to pay state taxes and they did not enjoy equal status. But after the revolution they began to be treated equally with the upper sections of the society.

With the abolition of feudal system of obligation and taxes, the clergy and the nobility came on the same level with the middle class. They were forced to give up their privileges. Their executive powers were also taken away from them.

The poorer sections of the society, i.e. small peasants, landless labourers, servants, daily wage earners would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution. Women also would have been highly discontented.

Question 3.Describe the legacy of the French Revolution for the peoples of the world during the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries.

Answer:The French Revolution proved to be the most important event in the history of the world.

The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution. These ideas became an umpiring force for the political movements in the world in the 19th and 20th centuries.

The ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity spread from France to the rest of Europe, where feudal system was finally abolished.

Colonised people reworked on the idea of freedom from bondage into their movements to Create a sovereign nation state.

The idea of Nationalism that emerged after the French Revolution started becoming mass movements all over the world. Now people began to question the absolute power.

The impact of the French Revolution would be seen in India too. Tipu Sultan and Raja Rammohan Roy got deeply influenced by the ideas of the revolution.

In the end, we can say that after the French Revolution people all over the world became aware of their rights.

Question 4.Draw up a list of democratic rights we enjoy today whose origins could be traced to the French Revolution.

Answer:Some of the democratic rights which we enjoy today can be traced to the French Revolution are as follows:

Right to equality including equality before law, prohibition of discrimination and equality of opportunity in matters of employment.

Right to freedom of speech and expression including right to practice any profession or occupation.

Right against exploitation.

Right to life.

Right to vote.

Question 5.Would you agree with the view that the message of universal rights was beset with contradictions? Explain.

Answer:The message of universal rights was definitely beset with contradictions. Many ideals of the “Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen” were not at all clear. They had dubious meanings.

The French Revolution could not bring economic equality and it is the fact that unless there is economic equality, real equality cannot be received at any sphere. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen laid stress on equality but large section of the society was denied to it. The right to vote and elect their representatives did not solve the poor man’s problem.

Women were still regarded as passive citizens. They did not have any political rights such as right to vote and hold political offices like men. Hence, their struggle for equal political rights continued.

France continued to hold and expand colonies. Thus, its image as a liberator could not last for a long time.

Slavery existed in France till the first half of the 19th century.

Question 6.How would you explain the rise of Napoleon?

Answer:The political instability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon had achieved glorious victories in wars. This made France realise that only a military dictator like Napoleon would restore a stable government.

In 1804, he crowned himself the emperor of France. He set out to conquer neighbouring European countries, dispossessing dynasties and creating kingdoms where he placed members of his family. Napoleon viewed himself as a moderniser of Europe. He introduced many laws such as the protection of private property and a uniform system of weight and measures provided by the decimal system.

But his rise to power did not last for a long time. He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815.

Question7 What role did the middle class play in bringing about social and economic changes France? Explain.

Answer: (1) In the eighteenth century, middle class brought many changes the social-economic life of France.

(2) This class believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth.

(3) A person’s social position must depend on his merit.

(4) The society should be based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all.5) The government should be based on a social contract between people and their representatives.

Question8.Explain any five economic conditions of France that led to a revolution

Answer:The economic conditions which led to the revolution were as follows:

(1) Long years of war and cost of maintaining an extravagant court had drained the financial resources of France.

(2) The French government was forced to increase taxes.

(3) Moreover, the French society was divided into three estates and only the members of the third estate paid taxes.

(4) The population of France grew rapidly which led to a rapid increase in the demand for foodgrains which was not fulfilled.

(5) The prices of essential things rose more than the wages which led to a subsistence crisis.

Question9 ‘A growing middle class in France during the 18th century envisaged an end to privileges.’ Analyze the statement.

Answer: (1) In the 18th century, the growing middle class had envisaged an end to the privileges of higher classes in France.

(2) This era witnessed the emergence of social groups termed as the middle class which consisted of small businessmen, professionals such as lawyers or administrative officials.

(3) All of these were educated and believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth. Rather a person’s social position must depend on his merit.

(4) These ideas were envisaging a society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunity for all without any distinction based on caste and creed.

Question10. How was the taxation policy responsible for the French Revolution?

Answer:(1) The taxation policy played an important role in the French Revolution which was based on the system of estates.

(2) The members of the first two estates that were clergy and the nobility enjoyed the exemption from paying taxes to the State.

(3) On the other hand, peasants had to pay double tax. One ‘Tithe’, a tax levied by the Church, comprising one-tenth of the agricultural produce, second `Taille’, a tax to be paid directly to the State.

(4) This disparity in paying the taxes added fuel to the French Revolution.

Question11. List any five reasons that led to the subsistence crisis in France during the Old Regime.

Answer: (1) Subsistence crisis was an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood were endangered.

The subsistence crisis frequently occurred in France during the Old Regime due to the:

(1) King Louis XVI and his predecessors of the Old Regime in France did nothing to raise the following reasons: the subsistence level of the Third Estate that paid all the taxes. Instead, they spent huge sums of money on maintaining an extravagant court and a large army.

(2) With the rapid increase in the population of France (23 million to 28 million), the demand for food grains also increased rapidly. The price of bread rose rapidly due to the scarcity of grains. Bread was the staple diet of the majority of the population.

(3) Most workers were employed as labourers on fixed wages. They suffered the most during the periods of bad harvests which occurred frequently. Their wages could not keep pace with the rise in prices.

(4) Things became worse whenever drought or hail hit and reduced the harvest while demand for grains continued to rise. Bakers and hoarders often exploited such a situation.

(5) In addition to bad harvests, scarcity of grain and food riots due to rising food prices, people also suffered and died due to the epidemics occurring frequently during the Old Regime.

Question12.

Describe the ‘middle class’ in three points.

Answer:

(1) The middle class was a social group that had earned their wealth through overseas trade and manufacture of goods. It also included professionals like lawyers or administrative officials.

(2) They were educated and believed that:

(i) No group in the society should be privileged by birth.

(ii) person’s social position must depend on his merit.

(3) They believed that a society should be based on freedom and have equal law and opportunities for all.

Question13.

Describe the contribution of the French philosophers in the outbreak of the Revolution of 1789.

Answer:

Role of philosophers in the French Revolution:

(1) John Locke wrote ‘Two Treatises of Government’ and criticized the divine and absolute rights of the ruler.

(2) Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote ‘The Social Contract’. He gave the idea of formation of a government based on a social contract between people and their representatives.

(3) Montesquieu wrote ‘The Spirit of the Laws’. He believed in the division of power between three organs of the government.

(4) Philosophers wanted a society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all.

(5) Ideas of philosophers were discussed in salons and coffee houses and inspired them to fight for their rights.

Question 7. What was the role of philosophers and thinkers in the French Revolution? Explain by giving three examples. Answer: The philosophers and thinkers believed that,no group in a society should be privileged by birth. They supported a society based on freedom and equal laws. In his Two Treatises.of government, John Locke sought to refute the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarch. Rousseau carried the idea forward, proposing a form of government based on a social contract between people and their representatives. In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the government between the legislative, the executive and the judiciary. Question 2. How was the French society organised before the revolution of 1789 ? Answer: The French society was divided into sections called ‘estates’ namely first estate consisting of the clergy, second estate comprising the nobility and the third estate comprising all commoners including big businessmen, traders, merchants, court officials, lawyers, peasants, artisans, labourers and servants. The members of the first two estates, that is, the clergy and the nobility, enjoyed certain privileges by birth. They were exempted from paying taxes to the state. The members of this estate had no political rights and social status. The entire burden of taxation fell on the third estate. All economic functions were performed by them.

Question14.

Napoleon is known for bringing about reforms in France.,” In the light of the above statement answers the following questions :

(1) Name any two reforms introduced by Napoleon.

(2) Why was he foreseen as the liberator?

Answer:

(1) Reforms introduced by Napoleon : (i) He made laws to protect private property.

(ii) He devised a uniform system of weights and measures based on the decimal system.

(2) He was initially seen as a liberator because his reform measures carried revolutionary ideas of liberty and modern laws to other parts of Europe.

Question 15. State any three points of significance of storming the Bastille.

Or

What is the significance of the storming of the Bastille? What is meant by people’s militia?

Answer:

(1) The significance of the storming of the Bastille is as follows:

(i)Bastille was the symbol of autocracy.

ii) The Bastille was hated by all because it stood for the despotic power of the king.

(iii) The demolition of this fortress-prison symbolized the end of the era of despotism.

(2) People’s militia means an army of common men.

Question 16. Describe the events of 14th July 1789.

Answer:

(1) The city of Paris was alarmed in the morning of 14th July 1789.

(2) The king had commanded troops to move into the city.3) Rumours spread all around that the king would soon order the army to open fire upon the citizens.

(4) About 7,000 men and women gathered in front of the town hall and formed a people’s militia. They broke into a number of government buildings in search of arms.

(5) Finally, a group of several hundred people marched towards the eastern part of the city and stormed the fortress-prison, the Bastille..