8 UNIVERSAL FRANCHISE AND INDIA'S ELECTORAL SYSTEM

 *UNIVERSAL FRANCHISE AND INDIA'S ELECTORAL SYSTEM* 

Intext question and answers write in copy with understanding if any problem can msg me personally .

Q.1What are the most important aspects of the election process in this case let?

Ans.1. Most important aspects of the election process:

The election process involved a secret ballot, allowing students to vote freely without fear of judgment. This ensured fairness and confidentiality. Students had to mark preferences for their preferred candidate. The process was overseen by a teacher, Ms. Usha, to maintain transparency.

Q.2Why was it important to have a secret ballot?

Ans.2. Importance of secret ballot:

A secret ballot ensured students could vote without pressure or bias. It protected their privacy and allowed them to make choices without fear of repercussions. This encouraged honest voting.

Q.3What considerations might the students have had while exercising their choice?

Ans.3. Considerations for students while voting:

Students likely considered each candidate's leadership qualities, ability to represent their interests, and communication skills. They may have also thought about past experiences with the candidates. Personal rapport and trust might have influenced their decisions.

Q.4.Do you think the students have any responsibility after Gurmat was elected as the class rep? If yes, what are they?

Ans.4. Responsibilities of students after Gurmat's election:

Yes, students have responsibilities after Gurmat was elected. They should communicate their concerns and ideas to Gurmat. They need to hold Gurmat accountable for promises made during the campaign. Supporting and cooperating with Gurmat is crucial for effective representation

Q5.What was the role that Ms. Usha played? Why was it important?

Ans 5. Role of Ms. Usha:

Ms. Usha played the role of an impartial overseer, ensuring the election process was fair and transparent. She organized the voting process and provided necessary support, like a braille ballot for Neha. Her role was important to maintain trust in the election process.

Q6.Why was it important for Ms. Usha to organise a braille ballot paper for Neha?

Ans 6. Importance of braille ballot for Neha:

Organizing a braille ballot for Neha ensured inclusivity and equal participation. It allowed Neha to exercise her right to vote independently and confidentially. This highlighted the importance of accessibility in democratic processes.

Q.7What would happen if  many students in the class chose not to mark a preference?

Ans.7. Impact if many students didn’t mark a preference:

If many students didn’t mark a preference, it could lead to an inconclusive or invalid result. This might undermine the legitimacy of the election and Gurmat’s mandate. It could also indicate disengagement or dissatisfaction with the candidates.

In next class we will start the new lesson .

Socilism in Europe and Russian revolution

 *History lesson -2* 

 *Socilism in Europe and Russian revolution* 

Q-Mention any three factors responsible for the Russian Revolution of 1905.

Answer

(i) Political: The rule of Tsar was autocratic as he was not subject to parliament.

(ii) Economical: In the year 1904, prices of essential goods rose so quickly that real wages declined by 20 percent.

(iii) Immediate: The Bloody Sunday incident took place in which more than 100 workers were killed.

(iv) Poor condition of the working class.

Q-Describe the events that happened in 1905 revolution in Russia?

Answer

(i) The attack of police on the procession of workers at the Winter Palace started a series of events that became known as the 1905 Revolution.

(ii) Strikes took place all over the country and universities closed down when student bodies staged walkouts, complaining about the lack of civil liberties.

(iii) Lawyers, doctors, engineers and other middle-class workers established the Union of Unions and demanded a constituent assembly.

Q.Who were the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks?

Answer: The Bolsheviks were the majority group led by Vladimir Lenin who thought that in a repressive society like Tsarist Russia, the party should be disciplined and control the number and quality of its members. They were the group who conducted the Russian Revolution Mensheviks, on the other hand, were the minority group who thought that the party should be open to all. They did not believe in revolution but wanted to bring changes through democratic means.

Q. Discuss Lenin's 'April Theses.

OR

What were the demands referred to in Lenin's 'April Theses?

Answer: The following were the demands referred to in Lenin's April Theses,

(a) World War I should be brought to an end.(b) Land should be transferred to the peasants.

(c) Banks should be nationalised.

Q. Describe the sequence of events responsible for the Revolution of 1905 in Russia.

Answer: The sequence of events responsible for the Revolution of 1905 in Russia was as given below

(1) Autocracy: There was autocracy in Russia. Liberals, Social Democrats and Socialist Revolutionaries demanded a constitution,

(ii) The year 1904: Prices rose and wages declined.

(iii) Dismissal of four workers of the Assembly of Russian Workers was the immediate cause that led to workers' strike.

(iv) Demands: They demanded a reduction in the working day to eight hours, an increase in wages and improvement in working conditions

(v) Bloody Sunday: A procession of workers led by Father Gapon was attacked by the police killing 100 workers. This led to a series of events that became known the 1905 Revolution.

(vi) Results: (a) The Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament or Duma.

Q. Why were socialists against private property and saw it as the root of all social ills?

Answer: The people who propagated socialism said that individuals who owned property, did provide employment to many people but they were concerned with personal gains only and did not bother about the welfare of the people. They felt that if society controlled property, more attention would be paid to collective social interests

Q- Describe the incident known as 'Bloody Sunday.

Answer: Over 110,000 workers in St. Petersburg went on strike in 1905, demanding a reduction in the working day to eight hours, an increase in wages and improvements in working conditions. When this procession reached the Winter Palace it was attacked by the police and the Cossacks. Over 100 workers were killed and about 300 wounded. This incident, known as Bloody Sunday, started a series of events that became known as the 1905 Revolution

Q. What effect did the war have on the industry of Russia.

Answer: Russian industries were very few in number and the country was cut off from other suppliers of industrial goods by German control of the Baltic Sea. Industrial equipment disintegrated more rapidly in Russia than elsewhere in Europe. By 1916 railway lines began to break down. Able bodied men were called up to the war. As a result, there were labour shortages and small workshops producing essential commodities were shut down.

Q-What steps were taken to improve the condition of factory workers and peasants in Russia after the civil war?

Answer: Five year plans were made to promote industrial growth. Industrial production was increased by 100 percent in oil, coal and steel. New factories were built. In Magnitogorsk a new steel plant was built in three years. Extended schooling system developed, creches were established in factories for the children of women workers, cheap public health care was provided. Model living quarters were built up for workers.

Q-Who was Karl Marx? What were his views about capitalism?

Answer

(i) Karl Marx was socialist.

(ii) He was against capitalism.

(iii) According to Marx, the profit of capitalists was produced by workers.

(iv) He wanted to construct a radically socialist society.

Q-Mention the main events of the February Revolution of 1917.

Answer

Main events of the February Revolution were:

(i) In February 1917, there was a severe food shortage in the workers’ quarters.

(ii) All the factories and workers’ quarters were located on the right bank of the River Neva. On the left bank, there were Winter Palace, official buildings and the palace where Duma met.

(iii) On 22nd February, a lockout took place at a factory leading to a strike by the workers. The next day, workers in fifty factories called a strike in sympathy.

(iv) The demonstrating workers ultimately crossed the river and surrounded the official buildings in Petrograd.

(v) The Government imposed a curfew and called out the cavalry and police to keep check on them.

Q-Explain the collectivisation programme of Stalin.

Answer (i) From 1929, Stalin forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms, kolkhoz.

(ii) The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms.

(iii) Peasants worked on the land, and the kolkhoz profit was shared.

(iv) Those who resisted collectivisation were severely punished. Many were deported and exiled.

(v) As they resisted collectivisation, peasants argued that they were not rich and they were not against socialism. They merely did not want to work in collective farms for a variety of reasons.

(vi) Stalin’s government allowed some independent cultivation, but treated such cultivators unsympathetically.

The French* " L 1 History

 chapter " *The French* "

Lesson 1 History 

1. When did the French Revolution begin?

a) 1789 b) 1799 c) 1804 d) 1815

2. The French society was divided into how many estates before the revolution?

a) Two b) Three c) Four d) Five

3. Which estate in France comprised the clergy?

a) First Estate b) Second Estate

c) Third Estate d) Fourth Estate

4. The economic condition of which estate was most precarious before the revolution?

a) First Estate b) Second Estate

c) Third Estate d) Fourth Estate

5. What was the main reason for the financial crisis in France before the revolution?

a) Excessive military spending

b) High taxes on the nobility

c) Economic exploitation of the colonies

d) Lavish spending of the clergy

6. The Tennis Court Oath took place in:

a) Palace of Versailles

b) Notre-Dame Cathedral

c) Tennis Court

d) Bastille

7. The famous slogan of the French Revolution was:

a) Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

b) No Taxation without Representation

c) E Pluribus Unum

d) Give me liberty or give me death

8. The storming of the Bastille occurred on:

a) 14th July 1789 b) 4th July 1789

c) 21st June 1789 d) 5th August 1789

9. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was inspired by:

a) American Revolution

b) Indian Independence Movement

c) Russian Revolution

d) Chinese Revolution

10. Which French king was executed during the revolution?

a) Louis XVI b) Louis XIV

c) Napoleon Bonaparte d) Charles X

11. Who was the leader of the Jacobin club during the Reign of Terror?

a) Maximilien Robespierre

b) Jean-Paul Marat

c) Louis XVI

d) Napoleon Bonaparte

12. Which event marked the end of the Reign of Terror?

a) Storming of the Bastille

b) Execution of Louis XVI

c) Execution of Robespierre

d) Tennis Court Oath

13. The period of the Directory in France came after:

a) The Reign of Terror

b) The Storming of the Bastille

c) The Tennis Court Oath

d) The execution of Louis XVI

14. The coup d'état of 18 Brumaire brought which leader to power in France?

a) Louis XVI

b) Robespierre

c) Napoleon Bonaparte

d) Marat

15. The Napoleonic Code was a:

a) Set of military rules

b) A code of conduct for the clergy

c) A system of taxation

d) A comprehensive legal code

ANSWER KEY

1. a) 1789 2. b) Three 3. a) First Estate

4. c) Third Estate

5. a) Excessive military spending

6. c) Tennis Court

7. a) Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

8. a) 14th July 1789

9. a) American Revolution

10. a) Louis XVI

11. a) Maximilien Robespierre

12. c) Execution of Robespierre

13. a) The Reign of Terror

14. c) Napoleon Bonaparte

15. d) A comprehensive legal code

What is Democracy? Why Democracy?

 Civics Chapter 2

What is Democracy? Why Democracy? 

Question 1.

What does a candidate need before contesting elections in China?

Answer:

Approval of the Chinese Communist Party.

Question 2.

In a democracy, the final decision must rest with those leaders or representatives who are _______ .

Answer:

Elected by the people

Question 3.

What is peculiar with ZANU-PF?

Answer:

It has always won elections

Question 4.

The one of the main features of a democratic government is that it rules within the limits set by the constitutional law above _______ .

Answer:

Citizen’s rights

Question 5.

Why does a democratic government is a better government?

Answer:

Because it is more accountable form of government

Question 6.

Democracy offers _______ .

Answer:

Dignity of citizens and principle of political equality

Question 7.

Democracy cannot provide solution to all the problems, it is also a difficult form of government to implement. It is _______ .

Answer:

One of the weaknesses of democracy

Question 8.

The major challenges to democracy are _______ .

Answer:

Economic equality among people and abolition of casteism from society.

Question 9.

It is a system in which only those who are in power and their supporters are benefited, and excludes minorities and weaker sections.

Answer:

Dictatorship

Question 10.

It Is a system under which military chief enjoys all the powers and suppress all the protests against him by the people.

Answer:

Military

Question 11.

The strength of democracy is its ability to uphold the values for which it stands for. These values are _______ .

Answer:

Freedom, Equality and Justice

Question 12.

Who led a military coup iirPakistan in 1999?

Answer:

Pervez Musharraf

Question 13.

When did Zimbabwe attain independence and from whom?

Answer:

In 1980 from white minority rule

Question 14.

In which period did China face one of the worst famines that have occurred in the world?

Answer:

China’s famine of 1958-1961 was the worst recorded famine in the world history.

Question 15.

Democracy improves the quality of decision-making because

Answer:

Decisions are taken by consultation and discussion.

Question 16.

What is the most common form of democracy in modern world?

Answer:

Representative Democracy

Question 17.

Which body in the Indian political system is an example of direct democracy?

Answer:

Gram Sabha

Question 18.

What is ZANU-PF?

Answer:

Political party of Zimbabwe

Question 19.

Name the Chinese Parliament.

Answer:

The National People’s Congress

Question 20.

Give a definition of democracy.

Answer:

Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people.

Question 21.

What was the ‘Legal Framework Order’ passed by Pervez Musharraf in I August 2002?

Answer:

In August 2002, Musharraf issued a ‘Legal Framework Order’ that amended the Constitution of Pakistan. According to this Order, the President can dismiss the national and provincial assemblies.

Question 22.

Name the country where women do not have the right to vote till 2015.

Answer:

Saudi Arabia

Question 23.

Media is not independent in Zimbabwe. How?

Answer:

Television and radio are controlled by the government and give only the ruling party’s version. There are independent newspapers, but the government harasses those journalists who went against it.

Question 24.

How can you say that China is not a democratic country?

Answer:

In China, the elections do not offer the people any serious choice. They must choose the ruling party and the candidates approved by it. That is why, we cannot say that China is a democratic country.

Question 1.

What are features of democracy?

Answer:

Features of democracy are :

Rulers elected by the people take all the major decisions;

Elections offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers;

This choice and opportunity is available to all the people on an equal basis;

The exercise of this choice leads to a government limited by basic rules of the constitution and citizens’ rights. 

Question 2.

Explain any three major political changes that took place recently in India’s neighbourhood.

Answer:

Pakistan-General Musharaf led a military coup.

Nepal-In 2005, the new king dismissed the elected government.

Iraq-Saddam Hussein’s regime was overthrown.

Question 3.

How does democracy improve the quality of decision making?

Answer:

Democracy is based on consultation and discussion. A democratic decision always involves many persons, discussions and meetings. When a number of people put their heads together, they are able to point out possible mistakes in any decision. This takes time. But there is a big advantage in taking time over important decisions. This reduces the chances of rash or irresponsible decisions. Thus, democracy improves the quality of decision-making.

Question 4.

How does democracy enhances the dignity of citizens?

Answer:

Even if democracy does not bring about better decisions and accountable government, it is still better than other forms of government. Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens. Democracy is based on the principle of political equality, on recognising that the poorest and the least educated has the same status as the rich and the educated. People are not subjects of a ruler, they are the rulers themselves. Even when they make mistakes, they are responsible for their conduct.

Question 5.

How is democracy better than other forms of government?

Answer:

It is correct that democracy is better than other forms of government because it allows us to correct its own mistakes. There is no guarantee that mistakes cannot be made in democracy.

No form of government can guarantee that. The advantage in a democracy is that such mistakes cannot be hidden for long.

There is a space for public discussion on these mistakes. And there is a room for correction. Either the rulers have to change their decisions, or the rulers can be changed. This cannot happen in a non-democratic government.

Question 6.

Democracy cannot get us everything and is not the solution to all problems.

Than why are we interested in democracy?

Answer:

It is clearly better than any other alternative form that we know. It offers better | chances of a good decision and it is likely to respect people’s own wishes and allows different kinds of people to live together.

Even when it fails to do some of these things, it allows a way of correcting its mistakes and offers more dignity to all citizens. That is why, democracy is considered the best form of government.

Question 7.

What does ‘one person, one vote, one value’ mean? Name the countries who deny the equal right to vote.

Answer:

Democracy is based on a fundamental principle of political equality. In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value. Democracy is linked to the demand for Universal Adult Franchise. Yet, there are many instances of denial of equal right to vote.

Until 2015, in Saudi Arabia, women did not have the right to vote.

Estonia has made its citizenship rules in such a way that people belonging to Russian minority find it difficult to get the right to vote.

In Fiji, the electoral system is such that the vote of an indigenous Fiji has more value than that of an Indian-Fiji.

Question 8.

Is it correct that a democratic government cannot do whatever it likes? Explain.

Answer:

A democratic government cannot do whatever it likes because it has won an election. It has to respect some basic rules. In particular, it has to respect some guarantees to the minorities. Every major decision has to go through a series of consultations.

Every office bearer has certain rights and responsibilities assigned by the constitution and the law. Each of these is accountable not only to the people but also to other independent officials.

A democratic government rules within limits set by constitutional law and citizens’ rights.

Question 9.

Pakistan under the General Pervez Musharraf is not called a democracy. Why?

Answer:

Pakistan under the General Pervez Musharraf is not called a democracy because :

The rulers are not elected by the people in Pakistan. People may have elected their representatives to the national and provincial assemblies but those elected representatives are not really the rulers.

They cannot take the final decisions.

The power to take final excision rests with army officials and with General Musharraf, and none of them are elected by the people.

Question 10.

How popular governments can be undemocratic? Explain with an example.

Answer:

In Zimbabwe, since it attained independence in 1980, elections have been held regularly and always won by ZANU-Ph the party that led the freedom struggle. Its leader, President Robert Mugabe, is popular but also uses unfair practices in elections. His government has changed the constitution several times to increase the powers of the President and make him less accountable. Opposition party workers are harassed. Public protests and demonstrations against the government are declared illegal. There is a law that limits the right to criticise the President. Television and radio are controlled by the government and give only the ruling party’s version.

Question 11.

Till 2000, Mexico was not a democratic country. Explain.

Answer:

In Maxico, people seemed to really have a choice but in practice they had no choice. There was no way the ruling party could be defeated, even if people were against it. These are not fair elections. But until 2000 every election was won by a party called PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party). ‘Opposition parties did contest elections, but never managed to win. The PRI was known to use many dirty tricks to win elections.

Question 12.

What is the significance of the rule of law and respect for rights in democratic country?

Answer:

A democratic government cannot do whatever it likes, simply because it has won an election. It must respect some basic rules. It must respect some guarantees to the minorities. Every major decision has to go through a series of consultations.

Every office bearer has certain rights and responsibilities assigned by the constitution and the law. Each of these is accountable not only to the people but also to other independent officials.

Minerals and Energy Resources

 Geography Chapter 5 – Minerals and Energy Resources

What is a Mineral?

A mineral is defined as a “homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.” Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc. Rocks are combinations of homogeneous substances called minerals.

Mode of Occurrence of Minerals

Minerals are usually found in “ores”. The term ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements. Minerals generally occur in the following forms:

In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints.

In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers.

The decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble constituents also form the minerals.

Minerals also occur as alluvial deposits in the sands of valley floors and the base of hills.

The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals.

Classification of Minerals

Ferrous Minerals

Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals.

Iron Ore

India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore.

1)-Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron, up to 70%. It has excellent magnetic qualities.

2)-Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore. It contains 50 to 60% iron.

The major iron ore belts in India are:

1-Odisha-Jharkhand belt

2-Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt

3-Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt

4-Maharashtra-Goa belt

Manganese

It is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy.

Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture 1 tonne of steel.

It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.

Non-Ferrous Minerals

Non-ferrous minerals include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold. These minerals play a vital role in a number of metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries.

Copper

A malleable, ductile and good conductor of heat and electricity.

Mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries.

The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, the Khetri mines in Rajasthan and the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading producers of copper.

Bauxite

Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.

Aluminium is obtained from bauxite. Aluminium has good conductivity and great malleability.

Deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.

Non-Metallic Minerals

Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It can be clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown.

Mica is the most indispensable mineral used in the electric and electronic industries.

It has excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage.

Mica deposits are found on the northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau.

Rock Minerals

Limestone is found in rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates.

It is the basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.

Conservation of Minerals

Minerals are a non-renewable resource. It takes thousands of years for the formation and concentration of minerals. Continued extraction of ores leads to the depletion of minerals. So, it’s important to take the necessary steps so that mineral resources can be used in a planned and sustainable manner.

Energy Resources

Energy resources can be classified as

Conventional Sources: It includes firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity.

Non-Conventional Sources: It includes solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy

Let us discuss each of them in detail.

Conventional Sources of Energy

Coal:

It is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.

It is used for power generation, to supply energy to the industry as well as for domestic needs.

Lignite is a low-grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content.

Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is bituminous coal.

Anthracite is the highest quality of hard coal.

Jharia, Raniganj, and Bokaro are important coalfields.

Petroleum

It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.

Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.

Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are major petroleum production areas in India.

Natural Gas

Natural gas is an important clean energy resource. It is considered an environment-friendly fuel.

The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG ) is used in vehicles to replace liquid fuels.

Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin

Electricity

Electricity is generated mainly in 2 ways:

By running water which drives hydro turbines to generate Hydro Electricity. It is a renewable resource of energy. India has a number of multi-purpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley Corporation, the Kopili Hydel Project.

By burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce Thermal Power. It uses non-renewable fossil fuels for generating electricity.

Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

Renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material are called Non-Conventional Energy Sources. Let’s discuss them one by one.

Nuclear or Atomic Energy

Nuclear Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. Uranium and Thorium are used for generating atomic or nuclear power.

Solar Energy

Solar energy is produced by the Sun’s light. Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity.

Wind Power

Wind Energy or Power is the use of wind to generate electricity. Wind turbines are used for this purpose. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagercoil to Madurai.

Biogas

Biogas is a type of biofuel that is naturally produced from the decomposition of organic waste. Biogas is the most efficient use of cattle dung. It improves the quality of manure.

Tidal Energy

Tidal energy is the form of hydropower that converts the energy obtained from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity. In India, the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kachchh in Gujarat on the western coast and the Gangetic Delta in the Sunderban regions of West Bengal provide ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy.

Geo-Thermal Energy

When heat and electricity are produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth, it is known as Geo-Thermal Energy. In India, geothermal energy is harnessed from Parvati Valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and from Puga Valley, Ladakh.

Conservation of Energy Resources

Every sector of the national economy – agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic – needs inputs of energy. There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path for energy development. Here are some ways that each one of us can contribute to saving energy resources:

1-Using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles

2-Switching off electricity when not in use

3-Using power-saving devices.

4-Using non-conventional sources of energy

7-History L-4-The Mughal Empire

 Class -7th History

Chapter -4 

The Mughal Empire

1. Match the following:

mansab         –       rank

Mongol          –     Uzbeg

Sisodiya Rajput  –   Mewar

Rathor Rajput –     Marwar

Nur Jahan   –     Jahangir

subadar   –     governor

2-Fill in the blanks-

1-The capital of Mirza Hakim, Akbar’s half-bro: her, was …Kabul

2-The five Deccan Sultanate were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmadnagar,...Bijapur, Golconda

3-If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and salary, sewer indicated his……number of horses maintained.

4-Abul Faze, Akbar’s friend and counsellor, helped him frame the idea of ...    administration ..so that he could govern a society composed of many religions, cultures, and castes.

3-. What were the central provinces under the control of the Mughals?

Answer: Panipat, Lahore, Delhi, Agra, Mathura, Amber, Ajmer, Fatehpur Sikri, Chittor, Ranthambhore and Allahabad.

4. What were the relationships between the mansabdar and the jagir?

Answer:

Relationship between the mansabdar and the jagir:

Mansabdars were those who joined Mughal service.

Jagirs were the salaries of the mansabdars in the form of revenue assignments.

It means mansabdars received jagirs as their salaries. Hence, mansabdars depended upon jagirs for their livelihood.

5-What was the role of the zamindar in Mughal administration?

Answer:  Zamtndars were powerful local chieftains appointed by the Mughal rulers. They exercised great influence and power. They collected taxes from the peasants and gave them to the Mughal emperor. Thus, they played the role of intermediaries. In some areas the zamindars became more powerful. The exploitation by Mughal administrators made them to rebellion. They got support from the peasants in rebelling against the Mughal authority.

6-How were the debates with religious scholars important in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on governance?

Answer:

In the 1570’s at Fatehpur Sikri Akbar started discussions on religion with people of different faiths. There were ulemas, Brahmanas, Jews ,Catholic priests and Zoroastrians.

These discussions took place in Ibadat Khana. These were about social and religious customs.

These interactions made him realise that religious scholars are bigots. They emphasize rituals and dogma.

Their teachings create divisions in society. This led to the idea of Sulh-i-Kul or ‘Universal peace’.

7-Why did the Mughals emphasise their Timurid and not their Mongol descent?

Answer:  The Mughals were descendants of two great lineages of rulers. From their mother’s side they were descendants of Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol tribes. From their father’s side they were the successors of Timur, the ruler of Iran, Iraq and modern-day Turkey. However, the Mughals did not like to be called Mongol because Mongol’s especially Genghis Khan’s, memory was associated with the massacre of innumerable people. It was also linked with the Uzbegs, their Mongol competitors. On the other hand, the Mughals were proud of their Timurid ancestry, because it achieved good name in the history.

8. How important was the income from land revenue to the stability of the Mughal Empire?

Answer:

The income from land revenue is very important to the stability of the Mughal Empire as:

It was used for extension of empire, wars, etc.

Income is used to pay salaries/wages to army, bureaucrats, artisans and workers.

The administrative expenditure is dealt by this income.

9-Why was it important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis?

Answer:  The Mughal Empire expanded to different regions. Hence, it was important for the Mughals to recruit diverse bodies of people in order to make people comfortable with them. Apart from Turanis and Iranis, now there were mansabdars from Indian Muslims, Afghans, Rajputs, Marathas and other groups.

10. Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural units. Does this pose a challenge to national integration?

Answer:

No, this does not pose a challenge to national integration because:

We have a unified system of government that has the same rules and regulations for all the citizens irrespective of religion, region, etc.

We have a constitution guarding the rights of all and specifying their duties.

Now we are unified as a nation, not as distinct states or regions of different rulers.

सरदार पटेल ३१/१०/२०२३ राष्ट्रीय एकता

 पूरा नाम- सरदार वल्लभभाई  झावेरभाई पटेल

सरदार पटेल का नारा - "हमें ऊंच नीच, अमीर-गरीब तथा जाति पंथ के भेदभावों को समाप्त कर देना चाहिए।

वल्लभ भाई पटेल जन्म -31/10/1815 नाडियाड गुजरात

मृत्यु=15/12/1950 बौंबे (75 वर्ष की उम्र)

पिता- झावेरभाई पटेल

माता- लाडवा देवी

उपनाम - सरदार, लौह पुरुष

1947- के बद भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता के पहले तीन वर्षों में उप-प्रधान मन्त्री, गृह मंत्री, सूचना मंत्री तथा राज्य मंत्री के रूप में कार्य किया।

2014= उनके जन्मदिवस को राष्ट्रीय एकता दिवस मानने का फैसला 

1913 : भारत आ गए लंदन से वकालत करने

ज्ञातव्य = है कि अंग्रेजो ने भारत को आजादी की घोषणा तब देश 565 ने स्वतन्त्र शासन की देसी रियासतो मे बेटा था जिसे ब्रिटीशस स्वतंत्र शासन की छूट  दे दी थी। इस प्रकार हमारी आजादी  कई छोटी छोटी रियासतों में बंटी थी। पटेल ने गृह मन्त्री के रूप  में इन सभी से भारतीय गणतंत्र में शामिल होने के लिए आग्रह किया और हैदराबाद, भोपाल, जूनागढ़ और कश्मीर को छोड़कर 565 रियासले अपनी इच्छा से भारतीय गणतन्त्र में शामिल होने के लिए तैयार होगा। परन्तु सरदार पटेल के मजबूत इरादे के कारण सभी को अंत में भारत मे शामिल होने के लिए तैयार होना पड़ा बस हैदराबाद को शामिल करने के लिए "आपरेशन पोलो" चलाना पड़ा था ।

देसी राज्यों (रियासतों) का एकीकरण

मुख्य लेख: भारत का राजनीतिक एकीकरण

स्वतंत्रता के समय भारत में 562 देसी रियासतें थीं। इनका क्षेत्रफल भारत का 40 प्रतिशत था। सरदार पटेल ने आजादी के ठीक पूर्व (संक्रमण काल में) ही वीपी मेनन के साथ मिलकर कई देसी राज्यों को भारत में मिलाने के लिये कार्य आरम्भ कर दिया था।[3] पटेल और मेनन ने देसी राजाओं को बहुत समझाया कि उन्हे स्वायत्तता देना सम्भव नहीं होगा। इसके परिणामस्वरूप तीन को छोडकर शेष सभी राजवाडों ने स्वेच्छा से भारत में विलय का प्रस्ताव स्वीकार कर लिया। केवल जम्मू एवं कश्मीर, जूनागढ तथा हैदराबाद स्टेट के राजाओं ने ऐसा करना नहीं स्वीकारा। जूनागढ सौराष्ट्र के पास एक छोटी रियासत थी और चारों ओर से भारतीय भूमि से घिरी थी। वह पाकिस्तान के समीप नहीं थी। वहाँ के नवाब ने 15 अगस्त 1947 को पाकिस्तान में विलय की घोषणा कर दी। राज्य की सर्वाधिक जनता हिंदू थी और भारत विलय चाहती थी। नवाब के विरुद्ध बहुत विरोध हुआ तो भारतीय सेना जूनागढ़ में प्रवेश कर गयी। नवाब भागकर पाकिस्तान चला गया और 9 नवम्बर 1947 को जूनागढ भी भारत में मिल गया। फरवरी 1948 में वहाँ जनमत संग्रह कराया गया, जो भारत में विलय के पक्ष में रहा। हैदराबाद भारत की सबसे बड़ी रियासत थी, जो चारों ओर से भारतीय भूमि से घिरी थी। वहाँ के निजाम ने पाकिस्तान के प्रोत्साहन से स्वतंत्र राज्य का दावा किया और अपनी सेना बढ़ाने लगा। वह ढेर सारे हथियार आयात करता रहा। पटेल चिंतित हो उठे। अन्ततः भारतीय सेना 13 सितंबर 1948 को हैदराबाद में प्रवेश कर गयी। तीन दिनों के बाद निजाम ने आत्मसमर्पण कर दिया और नवंबर 1948 में भारत में विलय का प्रस्ताव स्वीकार कर लिया। नेहरू ने काश्मीर को यह कहकर अपने पास रख लिया कि यह समस्या एक अन्तरराष्ट्रीय समस्या है। कश्मीर समस्या को संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघ में ले गये ।    

5 अगस्त 2019 को प्रधानमंत्री मोदी और गृहमंत्री अमित शाह के प्रयासों से कश्मीर को विशेष राज्य का दर्जा देने वाला अनुच्छेद 370 और 35(अ) समाप्त हुआ। कश्मीर भारत का अभिन्न अंग बन गया और सरदार पटेल का भारत को अखण्ड बनाने का स्वप्न साकार हुआ। 31 अक्टूबर 2019 को जम्मू-कश्मीर तथा लद्दाख के रूप में दो केन्द्र शासित प्रेदश अस्तित्व में आये। अब जम्मू-कश्मीर केन्द्र के अधीन रहेगा और भारत के सभी कानून वहाँ लागू होंगे। पटेल जी को कृतज्ञ राष्ट्र की यह सच्ची श्रद्धांजलि है।