Q.1 Read the text carefully. What did Mahatma Gandhi mean when he said satyagrah is active resistance?
1. Satyagraha does not mean to inflict pain on the adversary rather it is the source of soul.
2. Truth is the substance of soul and so it is the substance of satyagrah.
3. It does not mean destruction but it means to clear the minds of adversaries and convert destructive thoughts into constructive by showing them love, compassion and truth.
Hence satyagraha is active resistance.
Q.2 Why did various classes and groups of Indian participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
The various classes and groups of Indian participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement due to their own, limited motives. To them “swaraj” meant something they carved for. For example.
1. To businessmen, swaraj meant a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.
2. Similarly to rich peasant classes, swaraj was a struggle against high land revenue.
3. Women took swaraj as the attainment of elevated status and equality with men in Indian society.
4. Poor peasants considered swaraj as the time when they would have their own land, would not have to pay rents or do beggar.
5. Working class dreamed for high wages and excellent working conditions.
Hence, swaraj was different for different classes and group of Indians.
Write in Brief :
Q.1 Explain :
(a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement.
(b) How did he first world war help in he growth of the national movement in India.
(c) Why were Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act
(d) Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the non. Cooperation movement.
(a) (i) The anti- colonial movement brought together people of all castes, classes and communities to fight against the powerful European country.
(ii) This provided a good platform for the change of nationalist and liberal ideas among the natives.
(iii) Hence, anti- colonial movement became a breeding ground for the growth of nationalism in all colonies.
(b) (i) During the first world war period, price rise in India led to extreme hardship for the common people.
(ii) Villagers were unwillingy recruited in army and had to do beggar.
(iii) This led to widespread anger among Indians.
(iv) Also the failure of crops at the same time led to the spread of anti- British and nationalist feelings among Indians.
(c) Under Rowlatt Act India leaders could be detained, without reason for two years in order to prevent anti- British sentiments. This led to the anger of Indians.
(d) Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement, in 1922, due to violent incident of Chauri- Chaura in Gorakhpur.
Q.2 What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?
1. Satyagrah was a novel method of mass agitation. The idea of satyagraha emphaissed upon the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
2. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
3. Through non- violent methods, a satyagrah could appeal the conscience of the oppressor by the power of truth, which was bound to ultimately triumph.
Q.3 Write a newspaper report on :
(a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
(b) The Simon Commission.
(a) The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre :
1. On the day of 13th April 1919, many people gathered in a closed Jallianwala Bagh.
2. They didn’t know about the imposition of Marital law in the Amritar city.
3. General Dyre, the Commander, in order to teach a lesson on violating the Maritial Law, came in with small military force.
4. He blocked the exists form the Bagh and opened fire upon the innocent citizens who had women and children too hundreds of them died.
5. The Jallianwala Bagh incident was the most brutal incident in the history of India. It earned a nationwide outrage.
(b) The Simon Commission:
(i) It was constituted by the Tory government in Britain under Sir John simon
(ii) The objective of the Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
(iii) But nationalists in India opposed the commission because of problem in it.
• The problem was that the commission had not a single India member. They all were British.
• Therefore, when the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan “Go Back Simon”.
• All parties, including Congress and the Muslim league, participated in the demonstrations.
Q.4 Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.
1. Gandhi, on 31 January 1930, sent a letter to then viceroy Irwin, containing 11 most essential demands.
2. Some of these were of general interests, others were specific demands of different classes from industrialists to peasants.
3. The idea was to make the demands wideranging, so that all classes within the India society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign.
4. But the most unusual of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax.
5. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food.
6. According to Gandhi, the tax on the salt and the government monopoly over its production revealed the most oppressive face of the British rule.
7. By the successful Salt March, Gandhi showed down upon the British colonial government in his on satyagraha way.
8. The salt March indeed was the most significant symbol of resistance against colonialism.
Short a Answer Type Questions (30 Words)
Q.1 Which tax was introduced during the First World War? How was the war cost met?
1. To meet war cost, custom duties were increased.
2. Income tax was introduced during the First World War in Britain.
Q.2 What happened during 1918 to 1921 which cost millions of life?
During this period, crops failed in many parts of India resulting in acute shortage of food. This was followed by an influenze epidemic 12-13 million people died as a result fo famines and the epidemic.
Short Answer Type Questions (60-80 Words)
Q.1 What did Mahatma Gandhi do immediately after his arrival in India?
Mahatma Gandhi after his arrival in India, organized three small but important satyagraphas. These were as under:
1. 1916 : He organized Champaran satyagrapha in Bihar. It was against the oppressive plantation system.
2. 1917 : He organized Satyagrapha to support the peasants of Kheda istrict of Gujarat.
3. 1918 : Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organize a Satyagrapha movement amongst cotton mill workers.
Q.2 What was the plan of Gandhi to launch Non- Cooperation Movement?
Gandhi proposed that :
1. Non- Cooperation movement should unfold in stages.
2. First of all, titles awarded by the government should be surrendered.
3. Secondly, Indians should boycott civil services army, police courts, legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.
4. In case government used repression, a full civil disobedience movement should be launched.
Long Answer Type Question (100-125 Words)
Q.1 Write a note on Alluri sitaram Raju.
1. Alluri Sitaram Raju was a tribal leader in Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.
2. He claimed to have special power to make correct astrological alculations and heal people, and he could survive even bullet shots. Rebells considered him as incarnation of God.
3. As inspired by Gandhi and Non-Cooperation movement, Raju asked people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
4. He also believed that British could be eradicated only by force. Therefore, rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving ‘Swaraj’
5. Raju was captured and executed in 1924, and over time he became a folk hero.
Q.2 What did the radical leaders do for the freedom struggle of India?
Radical leaders of Congress were young Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose. They were dissatisfied by the ways moderates and liberals in Congress worked. Radical group believed in action instead of thinking. They had following programmes for the freedom struggle:
1. On December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru the Lahore Congress finalized the demand for “Purna Swaraj” or full independence for India.
2. It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for the complete independence.
Nationalism in India – Timeline :
1915 Mahatma Gandhi returned to India
1916 Gandhiji travelled to Champaran to inspire peasants against the oppressive plantation system.
1917 Gandhiji organised Satyagraha in Kheda district of Gujarat.
1918 Gandhiji went to Ahmedabad to organise Satyagraha among cotton mill workers.
1918-19 Distressed Uttar Pradesh peasants organised by Baba Ramchandra
1919 Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay.
1919 Hartal against Rowlatt Act;
1919 Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre
1920 Gandhiji convinced other leaders of the need to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj in Calcutta Congress Session.
1921 Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement launched.
1922 Incident of Chauri Chaura; Gandhiji withdrew Non-Cooperation Movement.
1924 Alluri Sitaram Raju arrested ending a two years armed tribal struggle.
1927 Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) was formed.
1928 The Simon Commission arrived in India.
1928 The Hindustan Socialist Republic Army (HSRA) was founded.
1929 Lord Irwin announced a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India.
1929 Lahore Congress; Congress adopted the demand for ‘Puma Swaraj’.
1930 Dr BR Ambedkar established Depressed Classes Association.
1930 Gandhiji begins Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking Salt Law at Dandi.
1931 Gandhiji ends Civil-Disobedience Movement; Gandhi-lrwin Pact; Second Round Table Conference.
1932 Poona pact signed between Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi; Civil Disobedience Movement relaunched.
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